The Origins of the Roof Truss in the Ancient Mediterranean: Etruria (20 min)

Presenters

Alessandro Pierattini, University of Notre Dame

Abstract

This paper explores the origins of the roof truss in the ancient Mediterranean, focusing on the Italian peninsula. A rigid triangular structure, a truss can cover large free spans using relatively thin timbers because its cross beam (or tie beam) bears pure tensile stress—a mechanical trait in which wood excels. Conventionally, the Romans have been given credit for the inception of the trussed roof, an advancement in roofing technology that shaped the architectural conception of the basilica. However, an alternative perspective has recently gained traction: the possibility of an Etruscan origin for this innovation. Proponents of this view, most notably Jean Turfa, argue that the Etruscans could have pioneered the trussed roof, and then transmitted this knowledge to the Romans during the Archaic period. If substantiated, this hypothesis significantly impacts our understanding of early Roman architectural practices. It is worth noting, however, that the arguments in favor of this theory face challenges that undermine its validity.

This study evaluates old and new evidence and interpretations to assess an Etruscan genesis for the truss. It reexamines evidence of Etruscan sites predominantly from the seventh to the fifth centuries, including depictions of roofs in painting and stone carvings, remains of building foundations, architectural terracottas, and impressions left by decomposed wood on the ground. The research revisits reconstructions of ancient roof frameworks through structural analysis informed by knowledge of construction methods and concepts. This study concludes that the arguments for the existence of archaic Etruscan trussed roofs remain inconclusive. Instead, the evidence points toward the eastern Mediterranean as a potential catalyst for the adoption of the truss within Roman architectural practices.